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Astragalus mongholicus  Bunge (Fabaceae) is an ancient Chinese herbal medicine, and  Astragalus  saponins are the main active components, which have a wide range of biological activities, such as immunomodulation, antioxidation, and neuroprotection. In this study, silver nanoparticles obtained by sodium borohydride reduction were used as the enhanced substrate to detect astragaloside I (1), astragaloside II (2), astragaloside III (3), astragaloside IV (4), isoastragaloside I (5), and isoastragaloside II (6) in the phloem, xylem, and cork by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In the SERS spectrum of  Astragalus  slices, the characteristic peaks were observed at 562, 671, 732, 801, 836, 950, 1,026, 1,391, and 1,584 cm −1 , among which 950 cm −1  and 1,391 cm −1  were strong SERS signals. Subsequently, the metabolites of the six kinds of  Astragalus  saponins were identified by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS. Totally, 80, 89, and 90 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine, and feces, respectively. The metabolism of saponins mainly involves dehydration, deacetylation, dihydroxylation, dexylose reaction, deglycosylation, methylation, deacetylation, and glycol dehydration. Ten metabolites (1-M2, 1-M11, 2-M3, 2-M12, 3-M14, 4-M9, 5-M2, 5-M17, 6-M3, and 6-M12) were identified by comparison with reference standards. Interestingly,  Astragalus  saponins 1, 2, 5, and 6 were deacetylated to form astragaloside IV (4), which has been reported to have good pharmacological neuroprotective, liver protective, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Six kinds of active  Astragalus  saponins from different parts of  Astragalus mongholicus  were identified by SERS spectroscopy. Six kinds of active  Astragalus  saponins from different parts of  Astragalus mongholicus  were identified by SERS spectrum, and the metabolites were characterized by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS, which not only provided a new method for the identification of traditional Chinese medicine but also provided a theoretical basis for the study of the pharmacodynamic substance basis of  Astragalus mongholicus  saponins.

frontiers in pharmacology

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Astragalus Saponins and Identification of Metabolites After Oral Administration in Rats by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis