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3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine (mescaline) is a psychedelic alkaloid found in peyote cactus. Related 4-alkoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (scalines) and amphetamines (3C-scalines) are reported to induce similarly potent psychedelic effects and are therefore potential novel therapeutics for psychedelic-assisted therapy. Herein, several pharmacologically uninvestigated scalines and 3C-scalines were examined at key monoamine targets  in vitro . Binding affinity at human serotonergic 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2A , and 5-HT 2C , adrenergic α 1A  and α 2A , and dopaminergic D 2  receptors, rat and mouse trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), and human monoamine transporters were assessed using target specific transfected cells. Furthermore, activation of human 5-HT 2A  and 5-HT 2B  receptors, and TAAR1 was examined. Generally, scalines and 3C-scalines bound with weak to moderately high affinity to the 5-HT 2A  receptor ( K  i  = 150–12,000 nM). 3C-scalines showed a marginal preference for the 5-HT 2A  vs the 5-HT 2C  and 5-HT 1A  receptors whereas no preference was observed for the scalines. Extending the 4-alkoxy substituent increased 5-HT 2A  and 5-HT 2C  receptors binding affinities, and enhanced activation potency and efficacy at the 5-HT 2A  but not at the 5-HT 2B  receptor. Introduction of fluorinated 4-alkoxy substituents generally increased 5-HT 2A  and 5-HT 2C  receptors binding affinities and increased the activation potency and efficacy at the 5-HT 2A  and 5-HT 2B  receptors. Overall, no potent affinity was observed at non-serotonergic targets. As observed for other psychedelics, scalines and 3C-scalines interacted with the 5-HT 2A  and 5-HT 2C  receptors and bound with higher affinities (up to 63-fold and 34-fold increase, respectively) when compared to mescaline.

Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-3,5-Dimethoxy-Phenethylamines (Mescaline Derivatives) and Related Amphetamines