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Background:  We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pulmonary vasodilators in pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients.    Methods:  We searched electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to May 2020, and conducted a subgroup analysis for pulmonary vasodilators or underlying disease.    Results:  Fifteen studies with 719 pediatric PH patients were included in the meta-analysis. Adverse events did not differ ( p  = 0.11,  I   2  = 15%) between the pulmonary vasodilators group and the control group, neither in the subgroups. In total, compared with the control group treatment, pulmonary vasodilators significantly decreased the mortality ( p  = 0.002), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP,  p  = 0.02), and mechanical ventilation duration ( p  = 0.03), also improved the oxygenation index (OI,  p  = 0.01). In the persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) subgroup, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) significantly reduced mortality ( p  = 0.03), OI ( p  = 0.007) and mechanical ventilation duration ( p  = 0.004). Administration of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) improved OI ( p  = 0.04) and mechanical ventilation duration ( p  < 0.00001) in PPHN. We also found that in the pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PPAH) subgroup, mPAP was pronouncedly declined with ERAs ( p  = 0.006). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP,  p  < 0.0001) and pulmonary arterial/aortic pressure (PA/AO,  p  < 0.00001) were significantly relieved with PDE5i, partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ) was improved with prostacyclin in postoperative PH (POPH) subgroup ( p  = 0.001). Compared with the control group, pulmonary vasodilators could significantly decrease PA/AO pressure ( p  < 0.00001) and OI ( p  < 0.00001) in the short-term (duration <7 days) follow-up subgroup, improve mPAP ( p  = 0.03) and PaO 2  ( p  = 0.01) in the mid-term (7–30 days) follow-up subgroup, also decrease mortality, mPAP ( p  = 0.0001), PA/AO pressure ( p  = 0.0007), duration of mechanical ventilation ( p  = 0.004), and ICU stay ( p  < 0.00001) in the long-term follow subgroup (>30 days).    Conclusion:  Pulmonary vasodilators decrease the mortality in pediatric PH patients, improve the respiratory and hemodynamic parameters, reduce the mechanical ventilation duration.

The Efficacy and Safety of Pulmonary Vasodilators in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension (PH): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis