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Adenosine A 1  receptors (A 1 R) are a potential target for cardiac injury treatment due to their cardioprotective/antihypertrophic actions, but drug development has been hampered by on-target side effects such as bradycardia and altered renal hemodynamics. Biased agonism has emerged as an attractive mechanism for A 1 R-mediated cardioprotection that is haemodynamically safe. Here we investigate the pre-clinical pharmacology, efficacy and side-effect profile of the A 1 R agonist neladenoson, shown to be safe but ineffective in phase IIb trials for the treatment of heart failure. We compare this agent with the well-characterized, pan-adenosine receptor (AR) agonist NECA, capadenoson, and the A 1 R biased agonist VCP746, previously shown to be safe and cardioprotective in pre-clinical models of heart failure. We show that like VCP746, neladenoson is biased away from Ca 2+  influx relative to NECA and the cAMP pathway at the A 1 R, a profile predictive of a lack of adenosine-like side effects. Additionally, neladenoson was also biased away from the MAPK pathway at the A 1 R. In contrast to VCP746, which displays more ‘adenosine-like’ signaling at the A 2B R, neladenoson was a highly selective A 1 R agonist, with biased, weak agonism at the A 2B R. Together these results show that unwanted hemodynamic effects of A 1 R agonists can be avoided by compounds biased away from Ca 2+  influx relative to cAMP, relative to NECA. The failure of neladenoson to reach primary endpoints in clinical trials suggests that A 1 R-mediated cAMP inhibition may be a poor indicator of effectiveness in chronic heart failure. This study provides additional information that can aid future screening and/or design of improved AR agonists that are safe and efficacious in treating heart failure in patients.

frontiers in pharmacology

Pharmacological Insights Into Safety and Efficacy Determinants for the Development of Adenosine Receptor Biased Agonists in the Treatment of Heart Failure