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Streptococcus suis  is difficult to treat and responsible for various infections in humans and pigs. It can also form biofilms and induce persistent infections.  Rhizoma Coptidis  is a medicinal plant widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Although the inhibitory effects of  Rhizoma Coptidis  on biofilm formation have been investigated in several studies, the ability of  Rhizoma Coptidis  to inhibit  S. suis  biofilm formation and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been reported. In this study, we showed that sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (25 and 50 μg mL -1 ) of water extracts of  Rhizoma Coptidis  ( Coptis deltoidea  C.Y.Cheng & P.K.Hsiao, obtained from Sichuan Province) were sufficient to inhibit biofilm formation, as shown in the tissue culture plate (TCP) method and scanning electron microscopy. Real-time PCR and iTRAQ were used to measure gene and protein expression in  S. suis . Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (25 and 50 μg mL -1 ) of  Rhizoma Coptidis  water extracts inhibited  S. suis  adhesion significantly in an anti-adherence assay. Some genes, such as  gapdh ,  sly , and  mrp , and proteins, such as antigen-like protein, CPS16V, and methyltransferase H, involved in adhesion were significantly modulated in cells treated with 50 μg mL -1  of  Rhizoma Coptidis  water extracts compared to untreated cells. The results from this study suggest that compounds in  Rhizoma Coptidis  water extracts play an important role in inhibiting adhesion of  S. suis  cells and, therefore, biofilm formation.

Inhibition of Streptococcus suis Adhesion and Biofilm Formation in Vitro by Water Extracts of Rhizoma Coptidis