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Aim  The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of the timing of antenatal steroids (ANSs) on neonatal outcome of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) born before 30 weeks of gestation in the German Neonatal Network.    Methods  The German Neonatal Network is a large population-based cohort study enrolling VLBWIs since 2009. We included 672 neonates, who were born between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2019 in our analysis in 10 selected centers. Infants were divided into four subgroups based on the interval between the first steroid administration and preterm birth: (I) two doses of betamethasone, ANS-birth interval: &amp;gt;24 h to 7 days,  n  = 187, (II) only one dose of betamethasone, ANS-birth interval 0–24 h,  n  = 70, (III) two doses of betamethasone, ANS-birth interval &amp;gt;7 days,  n  = 177, and (IV) no antenatal steroids,  n  = 238. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed for the main neonatal outcome parameters. Group IV (no ANS) was used as a reference.    Results  An ANS-birth interval of 24 h to 7 days after the first dose was associated with a reduced risk for intraventricular hemorrhage (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.09–0.31,  p  &amp;lt; 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.23–0.61,  p  &amp;lt; 0.001), whereas the group of infants that only received a single dose of steroids reflected a subgroup at high risk for adverse neonatal outcomes; an ANS-birth interval of &amp;gt;7 days was still associated with a lower risk for intraventricular hemorrhage (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.25–0.72,  p  = 0.002) and the need for mechanical ventilation (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.27–0.71,  p  = 0.001).    Conclusion  Our observational data indicate that an ANS-birth interval of 24 h to 7 days is strongly associated with a reduced risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in VLBWIs. Further research is needed to improve the prediction of preterm birth in order to achieve a timely administration of antenatal steroids that may improve neonatal outcomes such as intraventricular hemorrhage.

frontiers in pediatrics

A Timely Administration of Antenatal Steroids Is Highly Protective Against Intraventricular Hemorrhage: An Observational Multicenter Cohort Study of Very Low Birth Weight Infants