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Background:  Some children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop hypertension faster than others. This may be attributable to endothelial dysfunction, among other reasons. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), that is, acetate, butyrate, and propionate, are known for reducing cardiovascular risks  via  preserving endothelial function. This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in plasma SCFA concentrations and in cardiovascular and endothelial parameters in children with CKD.   Methods:  In total, 105 children and adolescents who met the CKD criteria were enrolled in this study, and 65 patients aged >6 years were divided into two groups based on the ambulatory BP measurements. The parameters of plasma SCFAs, endothelial function and morphology, and echocardiography were examined at the index visit and followed up after 1 year.   Results:  We observed that 27.69% of 65 patients developed hypertension during the study period. Plasma acetate increased by 22.75 μM in the stable group ( P  < 0.001), whereas there was no change in the worsened BP group. The index higher plasma butyrate was positively correlated with worsened BP (adjusted odd ratio, 1.381;  P  = 0.013). At the follow-up, plasma butyrate decreased by 2.12 and 4.41 μM in the stable and worsened BP groups, respectively ( P  < 0.001). In 105 subjects, higher index plasma propionate was positively correlated with decreasing ejection fraction (adjusted odd ratio, 1.281;  P  = 0.046).   Conclusions:  Plasma acetate seemed to play a role in preventing hypertension in children with CKD. However, the index plasma propionate and butyrate concentrations seemed to imply the development of cardiovascular problems in our 1-year study.

The Association Between Changes in Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations and Hypertension in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease