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Background:  We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the clinical effect of dexmedetomidine in preventing pediatric emergence agitation (EA) or delirium (ED) following anesthesia compared with placebo or other sedatives.   Methods:  The databases of Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched until 8th January 2020. Inclusion criteria were participants with age<18 years and studies of comparison between dexmedetomidine and placebo or other sedatives. Exclusion criteria included adult studies; duplicate publications; management with dexmedetomidine alone; review or meta-analysis; basic research; article published as abstract, letter, case report, editorial, note, method, or protocol; and article presented in non-English language.   Results:  Fifty-eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five case-control trials (CCTs) including 7,714 patients were included. The results showed that dexmedetomidine significantly decreased the incidence of post-anesthesia EA or ED compared with placebo [OR = 0.22, 95% CI: (0.16, 0.32),  I  2  = 75,  P  < 0.00001], midazolam [OR = 0.36, 95% CI: (0.21, 0.63),  I  2  = 57,  P  = 0.0003], and opioids [OR = 0.55, 95% CI: (0.33, 0.91),  I  2  = 0,  P  = 0.02], whereas the significant difference was not exhibited compared with propofol (or pentobarbital) [OR = 0.56, 95% CI: (0.15, 2.14),  I  2  = 58,  P  = 0.39], ketamine [OR = 0.43, 95% CI: (0.19, 1.00),  I  2  = 0,  P  = 0.05], clonidine [OR = 0.54, 95% CI: (0.20, 1.45),  P  = 0.22], chloral hydrate [OR = 0.98, 95% CI: (0.26, 3.78),  P  = 0.98], melatonin [OR = 1.0, 95% CI: (0.13, 7.72),  P  = 1.00], and ketofol [OR = 0.55, 95% CI: (0.16, 1.93),  P  = 0.35].   Conclusion:  Compared with placebo, midazolam, and opioids, dexmedetomidine significantly decreased the incidence of post-anesthesia EA or ED in pediatric patients. However, dexmedetomidine did not exhibit this superiority compared with propofol and ketamine. With regard to clonidine, chloral hydrate, melatonin, and ketofol, the results needed to be further tested due to the fact that only one trial was included for each control drug.

frontiers in pediatrics

The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Emergence Agitation or Delirium in Children After Anesthesia—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies