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Objective:  Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, which experience significant postnatal growth restriction at the time of discharge, are at high risk of later growth failure and long-term consequences. This study aims to characterize the structure of intestinal microbiome community in VLBW infants with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR).   Methods:  Twenty-three VLBW infants appropriate for gestational age (GA) hospitalized at the neonatal intensive care unit of the BaoAn Maternal and Child Care Hospital (Shenzhen, China) were enrolled in this study, which were divided into the growth restriction group (EUGR;  n  = 12) and the normal growth group (AGA;  n  = 11). Meconium and fecal samples at postnatal day 28 were collected respectively during hospitalization. Total bacterial DNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq Sequencing System based on the V3–V4 hyper-variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene.   Results:  The intestinal bacterial communities of preterm infants were dominated by the phylum  Proteobacteria . Compared with the AGA group, the relative abundances of the genera  Aeromicrobium  and  Serratia  in meconium samples significantly decreased, whereas genera  Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, Blautia , and  Aeromonas  were more prevalent in the EUGR group. On postnatal day 28, the relative abundances of the genera  Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Granulicatella , and  Salinivibrio  were significantly different between the two groups, where genus  Salinivibrio  decreased significantly in the EUGR samples. Among them, genus  Parabacteroides  was more abundant on both postnatal day 1 and 28. Further KEGG prediction analysis showed that there were many differences in functional genes and pathways between the two groups on postnatal day 28, but not on day 1, the majority of which were related to energy metabolism. And no statistical differences were observed in the clinical characteristics of infants.   Conclusions:  Overall, these findings showed that a distinct gut microbiota profile presented in preterm infants with EUGR. The role of intestinal microbiome in the extrauterine growth of preterm infants during hospitalization should be further investigated.

Characteristics of the Intestinal Microbiota in Very Low Birth Weight Infants With Extrauterine Growth Restriction