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Cronobacter  species are emerging opportunistic food-borne pathogens, which consists of seven species, including  C. sakazakii ,  C. malonaticus ,  C. muytjensii ,  C. turicensis ,  C. dublinensis ,  C. universalis , and  C. condimenti . The organism can cause severe clinical infections, including necrotizing enterocolitis, septicemia, and meningitis, predominately among neonates <4 weeks of age.  Cronobacter  species can be isolated from various foods and their surrounding environments; however, powdered infant formula (PIF) is the most frequently implicated food source linked with  Cronobacter  infection. This review aims to provide a summary of laboratory-based strategies that can be used to identify and trace  Cronobacter  species. The identification of  Cronobacter  species using conventional culture method and immuno-based detection protocols were first presented. The molecular detection and identification at genus-, and species-level along with molecular-based serogroup approaches are also described, followed by the molecular sub-typing methods, in particular pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus sequence typing. Next generation sequence approaches, including whole genome sequencing, DNA microarray, and high-throughput whole-transcriptome sequencing, are also highlighted. Appropriate application of these strategies would contribute to reduce the risk of  Cronobacter  contamination in PIF and production environments, thereby improving food safety and protecting public health.

Strategies for the Identification and Tracking of Cronobacter Species: An Opportunistic Pathogen of Concern to Neonatal Health