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Purpose  This study aimed to investigate the effect of OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) plus programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitor (nivolumab) on treating breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs)  in vitro  and drug-resistance breast cancer (DRBC) mice  in vivo .    Methods  In total, 160 breast cancer patients were enrolled following the immunofluorescence assay to detect tumor OCT4 and SOX2 expressions. CD154-activated B cells were co-cultured with CD8 +  T cells (from breast cancer patients) in the presence of OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 peptides, CMV pp65 peptides (negative control), and no peptides (normal control). MCF7-BCSCs were constructed by drug-resistance experiment and sphere-formation assay, then DRBC mice were constructed by planting MCF7-BCSCs. Subsequently, different doses of OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 CTLs and PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab) were used to treat MCF7-BCSCs and DRBC mice.    Results  OCT4 and SOX2 correlated with poor differentiation, more advanced stage, and worse prognosis in breast cancer patients.  In vitro , OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 CTLs with effector-target ratio (ETR) 5:1, 10:1 and 20:1 presented with increased cytotoxic activity compared to CMV pp65 CTLs with ETR 20:1 (negative control) and Control CTLs with ETR 20:1 (normal control) on killing MCF7-BCSCs. Besides, PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab) improved the cytotoxic activity of OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 CTLs against MCF7-BCSCs in a dose-dependent manner.  In vivo , OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 CTLs plus PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab) decreased tumor volume and tumor weight while increased tumor apoptosis rate compared to OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 CTLs alone, PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab) alone, and control.    Conclusion  OCT4&amp;amp;SOX2 CTLs exhibit good efficiency and synergize PD-1 inhibitor (nivolumab) in treating BCSCs and DRBC.

frontiers in oncology

OCT4 and SOX2 Specific Cytotoxic T Cells Exhibit Not Only Good Efficiency but Also Synergize PD-1 Inhibitor (Nivolumab) in Treating Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells and Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Mice