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Purpose  In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by radiomic features of  18 F-FDG PET/CT and clinicopathological characteristics.    Methods  A total 255 NSCLC patients (training cohort: n = 170; validation cohort: n = 85) were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. A total of 80 radiomic features were extracted from pretreatment  18 F-FDG PET/CT images. Clinicopathologic features were compared between the two cohorts. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select the most useful prognostic features in the training cohort. Radiomics signature and clinicopathologic risk factors were incorporated to develop a prediction model by using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the prognostic factors.    Results  A total of 80 radiomic features were extracted in the training dataset. In the univariate analysis, the expression of PD-L1 in lung tumors was significantly correlated with the radiomic signature, histologic type, Ki-67, SUV max , MTV, and TLG (p&amp;lt; 0.05, respectively). However, the expression of PD-L1 was not correlated with age, TNM stage, and history of smoking (p&amp;gt; 0.05). Moreover, the prediction model for PD-L1 expression level over 1% and 50% that combined the radiomic signature and clinicopathologic features resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.762 and 0.814, respectively.    Conclusions  A prediction model based on PET/CT images and clinicopathological characteristics provided a novel strategy for clinicians to screen the NSCLC patients who could benefit from the anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Evaluation of PD-L1 Expression Level in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by 18F-FDG PET/CT Radiomics and Clinicopathological Characteristics