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Background  To develop and validate nomogram models for the preoperatively prediction of the histologic grade of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) to provide appropriate treatments.    Methods  A total of 1014 participants, including 211 healthy controls, 293 patients with benign diseases, 299 patients with cancers, and 211 patients with GEP-NETs were included in the final analysis. Their sociodemographic and laboratory information, including serum tumor markers such as AFP, CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, Cyfra21-1 and NSE were collected. Nomogram models were developed to preoperatively predict histologic grades of GEP-NETs.    Results  Among six serum tumor markers, only NSE was found to have a statistically significant association with the histologic grades in GEP-NETs (G1  vs.  G2: p < 0.05; G2  vs.  G3: p < 0.001; G1  vs.  G3: p < 0.0001), which was combined with sex and age to develop the nomogram models. The first nomogram (to differentiate grade 1(G1) and grade 2/3 tumor (G2/G3)) showed a strong association to differentiate with an AUC of 0.747 (95% CI: 0.663-0.832) and 0.735 (95% CI: 0.624-0.847) in the training and validation datasets, respectively. The second nomogram (to differentiate G1/G2 and G3 tumors) showed a strong association to differentiate with an AUC of 0.827 (95% CI: 0.744-0.911) and 0.847 (95% CI: 0.744-0.950) in the training and validation datasets, respectively. The ROC, area under ROC curve (AUC), calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated the clinical usefulness of both models.    Conclusions  We proposed two novel nomogram models based on sex, age and serum NSE levels to preoperatively predict the histologic grades in GEP-NETs to assist the clinical decision-making.

frontiers in oncology

Development and Validation of Novel Nomograms Using Serum Tumor Markers for the Prediction of Preoperative Histologic Grades in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors