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Background  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the world’s most lethal malignant tumors with a poor prognosis. Growing evidence has been demonstrating that immune-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are relevant to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and can help assess the effects of immunotherapy and evaluate one’s prognosis. This study aims to identify an immune-related lncRNA signature for the prospective assessment of the immunotherapy and prognosis in HCC.    Method  We downloaded HCC RNA-seq data and clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project database. We first used ESTIMATE to evaluate the TME. Then, we conducted a cox regression analysis to construct a prognostic signature and the riskScore. We then applied the univariate Cox regression, multivariate Cox regression, principal components analysis (PCA), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and stratification analyses to confirm our previous assessments. Afterward, we employed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to explore the biological processes and pathways. Besides, we used CIBERSORT to estimate the abundance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between the immune-related lncRNA signature and immune checkpoint genes. Finally, we used the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays to demonstrate the expression of the six lncRNAs.    Results  We identified six immune-related lncRNAs — MSC-AS1, AC145207.5, SNHG3, AL365203.2, AL031985.3, NRAV — which show the ability to stratify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups with significantly different survival rates. The univariate Cox regression, multivariate Cox regression, ROC, and stratification analyses confirmed that the immune-related six-lncRNA signature was a novel independent prognostic factor in HCC patients. The high-risk group and low-risk group illustrated contrasting distributions in PCA. The GSEA suggested that the immune-related six-lncRNA signature was involved in the immune-related biological processes and pathways. Besides, the immune-related six-lncRNA signature was associated with the infiltration of immune cells. Furthermore, it was linked with the expression of critical immune genes and could predict immunotherapy’s clinical response. Finally, the qRT-PCR demonstrated that the six lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in HCC cell lines and normal hepatic cell lines.    Conclusion  In summary, we identified an immune-related six-lncRNA signature that can predict the outcomes, immune cell infiltration, and immunotherapy response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

frontiers in oncology

Construction of an Immune-Related Six-lncRNA Signature to Predict the Outcomes, Immune Cell Infiltration, and Immunotherapy Response in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma