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NEAT1 (nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1) is an oncogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that facilitates tumorigenesis in multiple cancers. In papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the molecular mechanism by which  NEAT1  affects invasion and metastasis remains elusive. RNA sequencing was used to discover differentially expressed  NEAT1_2  downstream genes. Protein and RNA expression analyses and immunohistochemistry detected the expression of  NEAT1_2 , Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), and microRNA-491 (miR-491) among PTC and non-cancerous tissues. Transwell and wound healing assays, and a mouse model of lung metastasis were used for further functional analyses. Bioinformatics was performed to predict miRNAs binding to both  NEAT1_2  and  TGM2 . Rescue experiments and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed. In PTC tissues,  NEAT1_2  expression was markedly increased and regulated TGM2 expression. TGM2 was overexpressed in PTC, correlating positively with exthyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis.  TGM2  knockdown significantly inhibited invasion and metastasis.  NEAT1_2  sponged miR-491, acting as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate  TGM2  expression. Fibronectin 1 (FN1) was predicted as a TGM2 target. TGM2 could transcriptionally activate FN1 by promoting nuclear factor kappa B (NFκb) p65 nuclear translocation, ultimately promoting PTC invasion/metastasis. These findings identify that  NEAT1_2  sponges miR-491 to regulate TGM2 expression. TGM2 activates FN1  via  NFκb to promote PTC invasion and metastasis.

The NEAT1_2/miR-491 Axis Modulates Papillary Thyroid Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Through TGM2/NFκb/FN1 Signaling