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Background:  Osimertinib efficacy in pre-treated patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been demonstrated in clinical trials, but real-world data, particularly regarding resistance profile, remains limited. This study aims to analyze the resistance mechanisms acquired after treatment with Osimertinib.   Methods:  Clinical outcomes and molecular results from re-biopsies at the time of osimertinib progression of EGFR T790M-mutated NSCLC patient were analyzed.   Results:  Twenty-one patients with stage IV adenocarcinoma were included [median 69 years; 57.1% female; 85.7% never-smokers; 23.8% ECOG performance status (PS) ≥2]. Median PFS and OS were 13.4 (95% CI: 8.0–18.9) and 26.4 (95% IC: 8.9–43.8) months, respectively. At the time of analysis, 10 patients had tumor progression (47.6%). T790M loss occurred in 50%, being associated with earlier progression (median PFS 8.1 vs. 21.4 months,  p  = 0.011). Diverse molecular alterations were identified, including C797S mutation ( n  = 1), PIK3CA mutation ( n  = 2), MET amplification ( n  = 1), CTNNB1 mutation ( n  = 1), and DCTN1-ALK fusion ( n  = 1). Histological transformation into small cell carcinoma occurred in one patient.   Conclusions:  This real-world life study highlights the relevance of re-biopsy at the time of disease progression, contributing to understand resistance mechanisms and to guide treatment strategies.

Resistance Profile of Osimertinib in Pre-treated Patients With EGFR T790M-Mutated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer