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Objective  To investigate the ability of tumor stiffness, tumor blood flow, and Ki-67 expression alone or in combination in predicting the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in breast cancer.    Patients and Methods  This prospective cohort study included 145 breast cancer patients treated with NACT. Tumor stiffness (maximum stiffness (Emax), mean stiffness (Emean)), blood score (BS), and their relative changes, were evaluated before (t0), during (t1–t5), and at the end of NACT (t6) by shear-wave elastography and optical imaging. Ki-67 expression was quantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemistry using core biopsy specimens obtained before NACT. Pathological responses were evaluated by residual cancer burden. The ability of tumor stiffness, BS, Ki-67, and predRCB—which combined ΔEmean (t2) (the relative changes in Emean after the second NACT cycle), BS2 (BS after the second NACT cycle), and Ki-67—in predicting tumor responses was compared using receiver operating characteristic curves and the Z-test.    Results  Tumor stiffness and BS decreased during NACT. ΔEmean (t2), BS2, and Ki-67 had better predictive performance than other indexes in identifying a favorable response (AUC = 0.82, 0.81, and 0.80) and resistance responses (AUC = 0.85, 0.79, and 0.84), with no significant differences between the three ( p  > 0.05). PredRCB had better predictive performance than any parameter alone for a favorable response (AUC = 0.90) and resistance (AUC = 0.93).    Conclusion  Tumor stiffness, BS, and Ki-67 expression showed good and similar abilities for predicting the pathological response to NACT, and predRCB was a significantly better predictor than each index alone. These results may help design therapeutic strategies for breast cancer patients undergoing NACT.

frontiers in oncology

A Novel Model Incorporating Tumor Stiffness, Blood Flow Characteristics, and Ki-67 Expression to Predict Responses After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer