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Background  Our previous study showed that the ribosomal protein L21 (RPL21) may play an important role in the development and survival of pancreatic cancer. In this article, RNA interference (RNAi) experiments were performed with RPL21-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to elucidate the mechanism by which RPL21 controls PC PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell proliferation.    Methods  In the present study, PANC-1, BxPC-3 cells, and BALB/c nude mice were used to investigate antitumor effect and mechanism by which  RPL21  controls cell proliferation and apoptosis  in vitro  and  in vivo . The effects of  RPL21  knockdown on PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell proliferation, cell cycle and cell apoptosis  in vitro  were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays and flow cytometry assay. The mechanism of  RPL21  regulating cell proliferation was investigated using transcriptome sequencing analysis and luciferase reporter assay. The effects of  RPL21  knockdown on PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell proliferation  in vivo  were determined using BALB/c nude mice tumor model.    Results  In PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells, the knockdown of RPL21 expression with corresponding siRNA suppressed cell proliferation  in vitro  and  in vivo , inhibited DNA replication, and induced arrests in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Further results showed that the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family (MCM2-7), CCND1 and CCNE1 were down-regulated significantly in PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells after transfected with RPL21 siRNA, which suggests that the suppression of DNA replication is due to the reduced expression of MCM2-7 family, and the induction of G1 arrest is correlated with the inhibition of CCND1 and CCNE1. Luciferase reporter assay showed that RPL21 controls the DNA replication and G1-S phase progression possibly through the regulation of E2F1 transcription factor in PC cells. Moreover, RPL21 siRNA showed an apoptosis-inducing effect only in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells but not in normal HPDE6-C7 cells. The increase of caspase-8 activities and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after RPL21 silencing indicates that the RPL21 gene may be involved in caspase-8-related mitochondrial apoptosis.    Conclusion  Our findings suggest that siRNA against the RPL21 gene possesses a potential anti-cancer activity for PC cells by inhibiting their proliferation and DNA replication, as well as inducing cell cycle G1 arrest and cell apoptosis.

RPL21 siRNA Blocks Proliferation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Inhibiting DNA Replication and Inducing G1 Arrest and Apoptosis