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Background and purpose:  To analyze deviations of the applied from the planned doses on a voxel-by-voxel basis for definitive prostate cancer radiotherapy depending on anatomic variations and imaging frequency.   Materials and methods:  Daily in-room CT imaging was performed in treatment position for 10 patients with prostate cancer undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (340 fraction CTs). Applied fraction doses were recalculated on daily images, and voxel-wise dose accumulation was performed using a deformable registration algorithm. For weekly imaging, weekly position correction vectors were derived and used to rigidly register daily scans of that week to the planning CT scan prior to dose accumulation. Applied and prescribed doses were compared in dependence of the imaging frequency, and derived TCP and NTCP values were calculated.   Results:  Daily CT-based repositioning resulted in non-significant deviations of all analyzed dose-volume, conformity and uniformity parameters to the CTV, bladder and rectum irrespective of anatomic changes. Derived average TCP values were comparable, and NTCP values for the applied doses to the bladder and rectum did not significantly deviate from the planned values. For weekly imaging, the applied D 2  to the CTV, rectum and bladder significantly varied from the planned doses, and the CTV conformity index and D 98  decreased. While TCP values were comparable, the NTCP for the bladder erroneously appeared reduced for weekly repositioning.   Conclusions:  Based on daily diagnostic quality CT imaging and voxel-wise dose accumulation, we demonstrated for the first time that daily, but not weekly imaging resulted in only negligible deviations of the applied from the planned doses for prostate intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Therefore, weekly imaging may not be adequately reliable for adaptive treatment delivery techniques for prostate. This work will contribute to devising adaptive re-planning strategies for prostate radiotherapy.

Dosimetric Impact of Interfractional Variations in Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy—Implications for Imaging Frequency and Treatment Adaptation