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Ketosis and exercise are both associated with alterations in perceived appetite and modification of appetite-regulating hormones. This study utilized a ketone ester ( R )-3-hydroxybutyl ( R )-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) to examine the impact of elevated ketone body D-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) during and after a bout of exercise on appetite-related hormones, appetite perception, and  ad libitum  energy intake over a 2 h post-exercise period. In a randomized crossover trial, 13 healthy males and females (age: 23.6 ± 2.4 years; body mass index: 25.7 ± 3.2 kg·m −2 ) completed an exercise session @ 70% VO 2peak  for 60 min on a cycling ergometer and consumed either: (1) Ketone monoester (KET) (0.5 g·kg −1  pre-exercise + 0.25 g·kg −1  post-exercise); or (2) isocaloric dextrose control (DEX). Transient ketonaemia was achieved with βHB concentrations reaching 5.0 mM (range 4.1–6.1 mM) during the post-exercise period. Relative to the dextrose condition, acyl-ghrelin ( P  = 0.002) and glucagon-like peptide-1 ( P  = 0.038) were both reduced by acute ketosis immediately following exercise. AUC for acyl-ghrelin was lower in KET compared to DEX ( P  = 0.001), however there were no differences in AUC for GLP-1 ( P  = 0.221) or PYY ( P  = 0.654). Perceived appetite (hunger,  P  = 0.388; satisfaction,  P  = 0.082; prospective food consumption,  P  = 0.254; fullness,  P  = 0.282) and 2 h post-exercise  ad libitum  energy intake ( P  = 0.488) were not altered by exogenous ketosis. Although KE modifies homeostatic regulators of appetite, it does not appear that KE acutely alters energy intake during the post-exercise period in healthy adults.

Exogenous Ketones Lower Post-exercise Acyl-Ghrelin and GLP-1 but Do Not Impact Ad libitum Energy Intake