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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a public health issue worldwide, affecting pregnant women and children. The early-life microbiota is a potentially effective intervention target for modulating immune and metabolic development of the host. This paper investigates the effects of VAD during different life periods on the structure of the colonic mucosa microbiota in adolescent rats. The results showed that the concentrations of serum retinol were > ~1.05 μmol/L in maternal VA normal (VAN)rats and < 0.7 μmol/L in maternal VAD rats, while the serum retinol levels were higher than 0.7 μmol/L in the pups of the VAN group and below 0.5 μmol/L in the pups of the VAD group. Compared to the offspring persistent with VAN from embryonic stage (group A), all the remaining groups exhibited an increased ratio of  Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes  abundance. A metagenome analysis (LEfSe) and a differentially abundant features approach using Metastats for genus abundances revealed that  Diaphorobacter  and  Psychrobacter  were increased in the offspring persistent with VAD from embryonic stage (group B); Bifidobacterium  was decreased and  Staphylococcus  was increased in the offspring with VAD after weaning (group C);  Propionibacterium  and  Enterobacter  were increased significantly in the offspring with VAD during gestation(group E); and  Ochrobactrum  was increased in group B and the offspring with VAD during gestation and lactation(group D).  Faecalibacterium  abundance was significantly and positively related to serum retinol levels, while that of  Staphylococcus  was significantly and negatively correlated with serum retinol levels. VAD in different life periods can alter the gut microbiome in rats, but VAD in the early-life periods (especially gestation and/or lactation) leads to a diversity of the colonic mucosal microbiota in adolescent rats as well as an imbalance of the ratio between  Firmicutes  and  Bacteroidetes . The early-life period may become a time window of VA intervention to improve intestinal microbiota caused by VA deficiency, but the specific mechanism requires more in-depth research.

Vitamin A Deficiency in the Early-Life Periods Alters a Diversity of the Colonic Mucosal Microbiota in Rats