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We aimed to determine the prebiotic impact of Mushroom  Bulgaria inquinans  (BI) on the host immune response and gut microbiota. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 1, or 2% BI for 4 wks. Compared to mice fed with a control diet (0% BI), mice fed with 1 or 2% BI had an increase of T cell proliferation from the spleen, but such change was not found between 1 and 2% BI treated mice. Also, BI at 2% increased the production of IL-2 of splenocytes stimulated with T-cell mitogens, but BI at 1 and 2% did not affect productions of other splenic-T cell cytokines including IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Interestingly, BI at 1 or 2% inhibited T cell proliferation of mesenteric lymph node (mLN) but this effect was not found between 1 and 2% BI treated mice. Furthermore, BI inhibited the production of IL-2 in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated T cells from mLN in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, BI at 2%, not 1% inhibited the production of IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ of mLN. Since BI at 2% produced a more significant effect on the immune response, we further used BI at 2% to evaluate the effect of BI on gut microbiota. Of note, BI reduced the diversity of gut microbiota and resulted in an increase of  Faecalibaculum  and  Parabacteroides  abundance and the decrease of  Allobaculum, Candidatus _ Saccharimonas , and  Rikenella  abundance at the genus level. Finally, the correlation was observed between specific bacteria genera and the productions of T-cell cytokines from mesenteric lymphocytes:  Rikenella  and  Candidatus_Saccharimonas  correlated positively with IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ;  Bacteroides  and  Parabacteroides  correlated negatively with IL-2 and IL-4;  Faecalibaculum  correlated negatively with IFN-γ and IL-4 and  Bacteroides  and  Bifidobacterium  correlated negatively with IFN-γ. The specific role of each intestinal microbiota observed is still unclear, but BI might exert a prebiotic effect on gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria ( Faecalibaculum ). This is helpful for further demonstrating the healthy-promotion mechanism of  B. inquinans .

Mushroom Bulgaria inquinans Modulates Host Immunological Response and Gut Microbiota in Mice