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Consumption of probiotic bacteria can result in a transient colonization of the human gut and thereby in potential interactions with the commensal microbiota. In this study, we used novel PolyFermS continuous fermentation models to investigate interactions of the candidate probiotic strain  Lactobacillus paracasei  CNCM I-1518 ( L. paracasei ) with colonic microbiota from healthy elderly subjects using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metatranscriptomics, or with microbiota  in vitro -colonized with  Clostridioides difficile  ( C. difficile  NCTC 13307 and  C. difficile  DSM 1296)—an enteropathogen prevalent in the elderly population. Small changes in microbiota composition were detected upon daily addition of  L. paracasei , including increased abundances of closely related genera  Lactobacillus  and  Enterococcus , and of the butyrate producer  Faecalibacterium . Microbiota gene expression was also modulated by  L. paracasei  with distinct response of the  Faecalibacterium  transcriptome and an increase in carbohydrate utilization. However, no inhibitory effect of  L. paracasei  was observed on  C. difficile  colonization in the intestinal models under the tested conditions. Our data suggest that, in the  in vitro  experimental conditions tested and independent of the host,  L. paracasei  has modulatory effects on both the composition and function of elderly gut microbiota without affecting  C. difficile  growth and toxin production.

In vitro Study of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 in Healthy and Clostridioides difficile Colonized Elderly Gut Microbiota