English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a form of synaptic plasticity dependent on postsynaptic Ca 2+  changes. One fundamental question is how LTD is selectively induced by specific numbers of Ca 2+  pulses and which are the frequency and duration of this train of pulses required for LTD induction. The molecular mechanism which leads the integration of postsynaptic Ca 2+  pulses in the LTD signaling network has not been elucidated either. Recent publications have shown that Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is required for LTD induction. Additionally, protein kinase C (PKC), CaMKII, and MAPK play an important role to transduce the frequency of Ca 2+  pulses into their enzymatic activity levels; however, it is still unknown which enzymes are involved in decoding Ca 2+  pulses in LTD. We have extended a stochastic model of LTD by adding the molecular network regulating CaMKII activity and its activation. We solved this model with stochastic engine for pathway simulation to include the effect of biochemical noise in LTD. We systematically investigated the dependence of LTD induction on stimulus frequencies, and we found that LTD is selectively induced by a specific number of Ca 2+  spikes at different frequencies. We observed that CaMKII is essential to induce LTD, and LTD is only weakly induced when its Thr286 phosphorylation site has been deleted. We found that CaMKII decodes the frequency of Ca 2+  spikes into different amounts of kinase activity during LTD induction. In addition, PKC and ERK enzyme activity is highly sensitive to the frequency and the number of Ca 2+  pulses and this sensitivity has an important effect on LTD activation. This research predicts the postsynaptic Ca 2+  requirements to induce LTD using a typical synaptic activation sequence and explains how LTD is selectively induced by specific number of Ca 2+  pulses at different frequencies.

Ca2+ Requirements for Long-Term Depression Are Frequency Sensitive in Purkinje Cells