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Within the potassium ion channel family, calcium activated potassium (K Ca ) channels are unique in their ability to couple intracellular Ca 2+  signals to membrane potential variations. K Ca  channels are diversely distributed throughout the central nervous system and play fundamental roles ranging from regulating neuronal excitability to controlling neurotransmitter release. The physiological versatility of K Ca  channels is enhanced by alternative splicing and co-assembly with auxiliary subunits, leading to fundamental differences in distribution, subunit composition and pharmacological profiles. Thus, understanding specific K Ca  channels’ mechanisms in neuronal function is challenging. Based on their single channel conductance, K Ca  channels are divided into three subtypes: small (SK, 4–14 pS), intermediate (IK, 32–39 pS) and big potassium (BK, 200–300 pS) channels. This review describes the biophysical characteristics of these K Ca  channels, as well as their physiological roles and pathological implications. In addition, we also discuss the current pharmacological strategies and challenges to target K Ca  channels for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Physiological Roles and Therapeutic Potential of Ca2+ Activated Potassium Channels in the Nervous System