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Despite increasing use of  in vivo  multielectrode array (MEA) implants for basic research and medical applications, the critical structural interfaces formed between the implants and the brain parenchyma, remain elusive. Prevailing view assumes that formation of multicellular inflammatory encapsulating-scar around the implants [the foreign body response (FBR)] degrades the implant electrophysiological functions. Using gold mushroom shaped microelectrodes (gMμEs) based perforated polyimide MEA platforms (PPMPs) that in contrast to standard probes can be thin sectioned along with the interfacing parenchyma; we examined here for the first time the interfaces formed between brains parenchyma and implanted 3D vertical microelectrode platforms at the ultrastructural level. Our study demonstrates remarkable regenerative processes including neuritogenesis, axon myelination, synapse formation and capillaries regrowth in contact and around the implant. In parallel, we document that individual microglia adhere tightly and engulf the gMμEs. Modeling of the formed microglia-electrode junctions suggest that this configuration suffice to account for the low and deteriorating recording qualities of  in vivo  MEA implants. These observations help define the anticipated hurdles to adapting the advantageous 3D  in vitro  vertical-electrode technologies to  in vivo  settings, and suggest that improving the recording qualities and durability of planar or 3D  in vivo  electrode implants will require developing approaches to eliminate the insulating microglia junctions.

frontiers in neuroscience

Ultrastructural Analysis of Neuroimplant-Parenchyma Interfaces Uncover Remarkable Neuroregeneration Along-With Barriers That Limit the Implant Electrophysiological Functions