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Adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) show marked immediate reward selection (or “ Now ”) bias in intertemporal choice tasks. This  Now  bias persists long into abstinence, suggesting an irreversible consequence of chronic alcohol abuse or a pre-existing AUD intermediate phenotype. However, some data show substantial  Now  bias among emerging adults (18–25), regardless of drinking behavior, suggesting age-dependent effects on  Now  bias. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) whether  Now  bias is greater among emerging adults relative to adults, (2) whether any such age effect on  Now  bias is diminished in sub-clinical heavy alcohol users, and (3) whether having a problem drinking first degree relative is independently associated with elevated  Now  bias. To achieve these objectives, we used an intertemporal choice task to quantify  Now  bias in  n  = 237 healthy participants (ages 18–40; 50% female), and a wide range of non-zero alcohol use, based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). We found that among non-heavy drinkers,  Now  bias inversely correlated with age; this relationship was not present among heavy drinkers. We found no significant relationship between AUDIT score and  Now  bias among emerging adults, but AUDIT scores and  Now  bias were positively correlated among 26–40 year olds. Additionally, non-heavy drinking adults who reported a problem drinking first degree relative showed greater  Now  bias compared to those not reporting familial problem drinking. While not definitive, these findings lend support for elevated  Now  bias in adulthood as an intermediate phenotype for AUDs. Moreover, non-additive effects of age and heavy drinking on  Now  bias suggest perturbations in largely common neural circuits in both groups.

Intertemporal Choice Behavior in Emerging Adults and Adults: Effects of Age Interact with Alcohol Use and Family History Status