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Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) release noradrenaline (NA) that acts  via  volume transmission to activate extrasynaptic G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in target cells throughout the brain. As the closest projection, the dorsal LC laterally adjoins the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), in which proprioceptive primary sensory neurons innervating muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscles are exceptionally located. MTN neurons express α 2 -adrenergic receptors (α 2 -ARs) and display hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) currents (Ihs), which is downregulated by α 2 -AR activation. To quantify the activity-dependent outcome of volume transmission of NA from LC to MTN, we investigated how direct LC activation inhibits Ih in MTN neurons by performing dual whole-cell recordings from LC and MTN neurons. Repetition of 20 Hz spike-train evoked with 1-s current-pulse in LC neurons every 30 s resulted in a gradual decrease in Ih evoked every 30 s, revealing a Hill-type relationship between the number of spike-trains in LC neurons and the degree of Ih inhibition in MTN neurons. On the other hand, when microstimulation was applied in LC every 30 s, an LC neuron repeatedly displayed a transient higher-frequency firing followed by a tonic firing at 5–10 Hz for 30 s. This subsequently caused a similar Hill-type inhibition of Ih in the simultaneously recorded MTN neuron, but with a smaller Hill coefficient, suggesting a lower signal transduction efficacy. In contrast, 20 Hz activity induced by a 1-s pulse applied every 5–10 s caused only a transient facilitation of Ih inhibition followed by a forced termination of Ih inhibition. Thus, the three modes of LC activities modulated the volume transmission to activate α 2 -adrenergic GPCR to differentially inhibit Ih in MTN neurons.

The Nature of Noradrenergic Volume Transmission From Locus Coeruleus to Brainstem Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Neurons