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Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are heterogeneous in morphology, antigenic profiles and functions, and these OEC subpopulations have shown different outcomes following OEC transplantation for central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Morphologically, OECs are divided into two subpopulations, process-bearing (Schwann cells-like) and flattened (astrocytes-like) OECs, which could switch between each other and are affected by extracellular and intracellular factors. However, neither the relationship between the morphology and function of OECs nor their molecular mechanisms have been clarified. In the present study, we first investigated morphological and functional differences of OECs under different cytokine exposure conditions. It demonstrated that OECs mainly displayed a process-bearing shape under pro-inflammatory conditions (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), while they displayed a flattened shape under anti-inflammatory conditions [interleukin-4 (IL-4) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)]. The morphological changes were partially reversible and the Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK)/F-actin pathway was involved. Functionally, process-bearing OECs under pro-inflammatory conditions showed increased cellular metabolic activity and a higher migratory rate when compared with flattened OECs under anti-inflammatory conditions and significantly promoted neurite outgrowth and extension. Remarkably, the morphological shift towards process-bearing OECs induced by ROCK inhibitor Y27632 enhanced the neurite outgrowth-promoting property of OECs. Furthermore, as the downstream of the ROCK pathway, transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein (YAP) mediated morphological shift and enhanced the neurite outgrowth-promoting property of OECs through upregulating the expression of the neural adhesion molecule L1-CAM. Our data provided evidence that OECs with specific shapes correspond to specific functional phenotypes and opened new insights into the potential combination of OECs and small-molecule ROCK inhibitors for the regeneration of CNS injuries.

frontiers in cellular neuroscience

ROCK Inhibitor Y27632 Induced Morphological Shift and Enhanced Neurite Outgrowth-Promoting Property of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells via YAP-Dependent Up-Regulation of L1-CAM