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MICROGLIAL ORIGIN AND FUNCTION Microglial cells originate from precursor cells located in the yolk sac that migrate into the developing central nervous system (CNS) around E8.5-10 in mice. Considering their origin, microglial cells could be regarded as invaders of the CNS in charge of debris clearance, just active during brain injury, infection or degeneration. In adulthood and under certain conditions, monocytes may penetrate the blood brain barrier, reach the CNS and become non-resident brain macrophages. CNS infiltrating-macrophages are difficult to distinguish from resident microglial cells and it is not clear the grade of functional similarity between these two types of cells (Prinz and Mildner, 2011; Gomez Perdiguero et al., 2013). Interestingly, microglial cells are able to self-renew independently of circulating monocytes or bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (Ajami et al., 2007; Elmore et al., 2014), and show a specific molecular signature (Butovsky et al., 2014). Moreover, during the last decade microglial cells have been demonstrated to be involved in normal brain development and function while maintaining a, previously assumed, “resting” state (Pont-Lezica et al., 2011; Tremblay et al., 2011; Valero et al., 2012). Thus, microglial cells cannot be considered just as macrophages.

Can we talk about microglia without neurons? A discussion of microglial cell autonomous properties in culture