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A high self-control capacity is related to better environmental adaptability and happy and healthy life. Neuroimaging studies have elucidated that the anterior cingulate, the prefrontal cortex, and the orbitofrontal cortex are involved in self-control. However, few studies integrated all three measurements, namely, age, human brain, and self-control, into a single quantitative model and examined whether self-control ability increased or decreased with age. In this study, we collected 65 participants’ data including structural MRI and Tangney’s Self-Control Scale to explore age dependence of cortical volume (CV) and self-control from young adult to middle-aged, as well as whether a non-linear association in the tridimensional model of age-brain-self-control was necessary to explain all the data in this study. We showed that self-control increased with age, but CV decreased with age. In a linear model, our mediation analyses revealed that CV in the right cingulate cortex mediated the increase of self-control; we also constructed a general non-linear model of age-brain-behavior and proved that the inverted development of human brain morphology and self-control abilities happened when morphology decays with age at a relatively smaller rate. Our study indicated that healthy aging in terms of increasing self-control is achievable, and our quantitative linear model of self-control laid theoretical foundations for studies on non-linear associations in age-brain-behavior.

Cortical Volume in the Right Cingulate Cortex Mediates the Increase of Self-Control From Young Adult to Middle-Aged