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Isoflurane contributes to cognitive deficits when used as a general anesthetic, and so does sleep deprivation (SD). Patients usually suffer from insomnia before an operation due to anxiety, fear, and other factors. It remains unclear whether preoperative SD exacerbates cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane. In this study, we observed the effects of pretreated 24-h SD in adult isoflurane-exposed mice on the cognitive behaviors, the Ca 2+  signals of dorsal hippocampal CA1 (dCA1) neurons  in vivo  with fiber photometry, and the density of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons. Our results showed that in cognitive behavior tasks, short-term memory damages were more severe with SD followed by isoflurane exposure than that with SD or isoflurane exposure separately, and interestingly, severe long-term memory deficits were induced only by SD followed by isoflurane exposure. Only the treatment of SD followed by isoflurane exposure could reversibly decrease the amplitude of Ca 2+  signals when mice were freely moving and increase the duration of Ca 2+  signals during the long-term memory behavior test. The density of dendritic spines with both SD and isoflurane exposure was lower than that with SD alone. This study suggests that SD should be avoided preoperatively in patients undergoing elective surgery under isoflurane anesthesia.

frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

Sleep Deprivation Aggravates Cognitive Impairment by the Alteration of Hippocampal Neuronal Activity and the Density of Dendritic Spine in Isoflurane-Exposed Mice