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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a setof complex neurodevelopmental disorders.ASD is characterized by early-onset dif-culties in social interaction, repetitivebehavior, and verbal and non-verbal com-munication.Worldwide prevalence of ASDis about 1% (Lai et al., 2014). Severalfactors have been proposed in the eti-ology of ASD, including genetics back-ground,obstetric complications,intrauter-ine infections, environmental conditions,immune imbalance, and fetal testosteronelevels (Rutter, 2005; Currenti, 2010; Rata-jczak,2011; Gesundheit et al.,2013; Goinesand Ashwood, 2013; Jyonouchi, 2013; Laiet al.,2014).Autism affects males more fre-quently than females (Baron-Cohen et al.,2011;WerlingandGeschwind,2013;Devel-opmental Disabilities Monitoring NetworkSurveillance Year 2010 Principal Investiga-tors and Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, 2014), with ratios of 4:1 (male:female)forclassicautism(ChakrabartiandFombonne, 2001) and 11:1 in individu-als with Asperger syndrome (AS) (Gill-berg et al., 2006). This evidence raises animportant question: what inuencing fac-tors are responsible for the higher maleprevalence of autism? The exact answerto this question remains unclear; how-ever, the “extreme male brain” theoryof autism (Baron-Cohen, 2002) proposedthat exposure to high levels of prenataltestosterone is one possible mechanisms(Baron-Cohen, 2002; Baron-Cohen et al.,2011).

Are There any Relationships between Latent Toxoplasma gondii Infection, Testosterone Elevation, and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder?