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Two papers have rattled our summer this year, bringing us exciting news to the field. In the first one, Glasser and colleagues, using a neuroanatomical approach and employing multimodal magnetic resonance images (MRI), were able to define 180 areas per brain hemisphere considering cortical architecture, functionality, connectivity, and topography in healthy young adults (Glasser et al., 2016a). This study provides higher precision about human cerebral cortex neuroanatomy and, more interestingly, paves the way to future assessments of individual variations related to development, aging, and diseases. In the second one, Finnema and collaborators reported the use of a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein radioligand combined with positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify synaptic density in living human brains (Finnema et al., 2016). Remarkably, the possibility to perform in vivo synaptic quantifications represents a powerful tool in the diagnosis of synaptic changes and synapse loss which are early features directly associated with numerous brain disorders. In this Opinion paper, I will contribute an evaluation of these articles, comparing them with alternative approaches in the field and aiming to foresee future research directions.

Brain Mapping and Synapse Quantification In vivo: It's Time to Imaging