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Objective : To determine the longitudinal relationship between monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 and memory function in older adults.   Methods : We examined longitudinal plasma MCP-1/CCL2 levels and a longitudinal verbal memory measure (CVLT-II 20’ recall) in a sample of 399 asymptomatic older adults (mean age = 72.1). Total visits ranged from 1 to 8, with an average time of 2.1 years between each visit, yielding 932 total observations. In order to isolate change over time, we decomposed MCP-1/CCL2 into subject-specific means and longitudinal deviations from the mean. The decomposed MCP-1/CCL2 variables were entered as predictors in linear mixed effects models, with age at baseline, sex, and education entered as covariates and recall as the longitudinal outcome. In follow-up analyses, we controlled for global cognition and  APOE  genotype, as well as baseline vascular risk factors. We also examined the specificity of findings by examining the longitudinal association between the MCP-1/CCL2 variables and non-memory cognitive tests.   Results : Within-subject increases in MCP-1/CCL2 levels were associated with decreases in delayed recall ( t  = −2.65;  p  = 0.01) over time. Results were independent of global cognitive function and APOE status ( t  = −2.30,  p  = 0.02), and effects remained when controlling for baseline vascular risk factors ( t  = −1.92,  p  = 0.05). No associations were noted between within-subject increases in MCP-1/CCL2 levels and other cognitive domains.   Conclusions : In an asymptomatic aging adult cohort, longitudinal increases in MCP-1/CCL2 levels were associated with longitudinal decline in memory. Results suggest that “healthy aging” is typified by early remodeling of the immune system, and that the chemokine, MCP-1/CCL2, may be associated with negative memory outcomes.

Increases in a Pro-inflammatory Chemokine, MCP-1, Are Related to Decreases in Memory Over Time