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Testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family and acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor and functions in many biological processes, such as development, cellular differentiation, and homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that TR4 plays an important role in prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma; however, its potential link to bladder cancer (BC) remains unknown. This study found that bladder cancer exhibited a higher expression of TR4 compared to normal tissues. Overexpressed TR4 promoted the bladder cancer cell proliferation, and knocked down TR4 with TR4-siRNA suppressed the bladder cancer cell proliferation. Mechanistic studies reveal that TR4 functions by altering the expression of Bcl-2 to regulate apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, knocking down Bcl-2 reversed the BC proliferation induced by TR4.  In vivo , we also confirmed that TR4 knockdown mice (TR4 +/− ) showed slower bladder cancer growth than wild-type mice (TR4 +/+ ) induced by the carcinogenic chemicals. Moreover, TR4 +/−  mice showed a lower grade of histopathology than the control group. In conclusion, these results indicate that TR4 plays a key role in bladder cancer proliferation, and targeting TR4 would probably be a potential strategy for bladder cancer treatment.

Testicular Nuclear Receptor 4 Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis of Bladder Cancer via Bcl-2