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Feed efficiency (FE) is critical to the economic and environmental benefits of aquaculture. Both the intestines and intestinal microbiota play a key role in energy acquisition and influence FE. In the current research, intestinal microbiota, metabolome, and key digestive enzyme activities were compared between abalones with high [Residual feed intake (RFI) = −0.029] and low FE (RFI = 0.022). The FE of group A were significantly higher than these of group B. There were significant differences in intestinal microbiota structures between high- and low-FE groups, while higher microbiota diversity was observed in the high-FE group. Differences in FE were also strongly correlated to variations in intestinal digestive enzyme activity that may be caused by  Pseudoalteromonas  and  Cobetia . In addition,  Saprospira ,  Rhodanobacteraceae ,  Llumatobacteraceae , and  Gaiellales  may potentially be utilized as biomarkers to distinguish high- from low-FE abalones. Significantly different microorganisms ( uncultured beta proteobacterium , BD1_7_clade, and  Lautropia ) were found to be highly correlated to significantly different metabolites [ DL -methionine sulfoxide Arg-Gln,  L -pyroglutamic acid, dopamine, tyramine, phosphatidyl cholines (PC) (16:0/16:0), and indoleacetic acid] in the high- and low-FE groups, and intestinal trypsin activity also significantly differed between the two groups. We propose that interactions occur among intestinal microbiota, intestinal metabolites, and enzyme activity, which improve abalone FE by enhancing amino acid metabolism, immune response, and signal transduction pathways. The present study not only elucidates mechanisms of variations in abalone FE, but it also provides important basic knowledge for improving abalone FE by modulating intestinal microbiota.

Exploring the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolome Profiles Associated With Feed Efficiency in Pacific Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)