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Wetlands are the largest natural source of terrestrial CH 4  emissions. Afforestation can enhance soil CH 4  oxidation and decrease methanogenesis, yet the driving mechanisms leading to these effects remain unclear. We analyzed the structures of communities of methanogenic and methanotrophic microbes, quantification of  mcr A and  pmo A genes, the soil microbial metagenome, soil properties and CH 4  fluxes in afforested and non-afforested areas in the marshland of the Yangtze River. Compared to the non-afforested land use types, net CH 4  emission decreased from bare land, natural vegetation and 5-year forest plantation and transitioned to net CH 4  sinks in the 10- and 20-year forest plantations. Both abundances of  mcr A and  pmo A genes decreased significantly with increasing plantation age. By combining random forest analysis and structural equation modeling, our results provide evidence for an important role of the abundance of functional genes related to methane production in explaining the net CH 4  flux in this ecosystem. The structures of methanogenic and methanotrophic microbial communities were of lower importance as explanatory factors than functional genes in terms of  in situ  CH 4  flux. We also found a substantial interaction between functional genes and soil properties in the control of CH 4  flux, particularly soil particle size. Our study provides empirical evidence that microbial community function has more explanatory power than taxonomic microbial community structure with respect to  in situ  CH 4  fluxes. This suggests that focusing on gene abundances obtained, e.g., through metagenomics or quantitative/digital PCR could be more effective than community profiling in predicting CH 4  fluxes, and such data should be considered for ecosystem modeling.

frontiers in microbiology

Soil Properties Interacting With Microbial Metagenome in Decreasing CH4 Emission From Seasonally Flooded Marshland Following Different Stages of Afforestation