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Klebsiella pneumoniae  exhibits extensive phenotypic and genetic diversity. Higher plasmid loads in the cell were supposed to play an key role in its genome diversity. Although some plasmids are widely distributed in  Kp  populations, they are poorly recognized. A plasmid named p2 in strain  Kp1604  was predicted to be an intact prophage like  Salmonella  phage SSU5. However, our study showed that p2 was specifically packaged into membrane vesicles (MVs) rather than phage particles triggered by mitomycin C and subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. p2-minus mutant  Kp1604 Δ p2  did not affect MV production. Compared with  Kp1604 , the capacity of plasmid uptake and the amount of phage burst of  Kp1604 Δ p2  were improved. Moreover, virulence of  Kp1604 Δ p2  also increased. Our results indicated that p2 could contribute to the host defense against the invasion of transferable DNA elements at the cost of reduced virulence. Further study on the mechanism will help us understand how it provides adaptive phenotypes to host evolution.

frontiers in microbiology

A Plasmid With Conserved Phage Genes Helps Klebsiella pneumoniae Defend Against the Invasion of Transferable DNA Elements at the Cost of Reduced Virulence