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Physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) is a concept that accounts for the particle length of NDF in a feed, sustaining the normal chewing behavior and rumen fermentation of ruminants. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of dietary peNDF on growth performance and bacterial communities in the rumen of goats through a high-throughput sequencing technique. A total of 30 male Lezhi black goats were randomly assigned to five groups, corresponding to five diets with identical compositions and nutrient levels but with varying forage lengths (the peNDF 1 . 18  contents of the diets were 33.0, 29.9, 28.1, 26.5, and 24.8%, respectively). The whole trial lasted for 44 days. As results show, feed intake and average daily gain were highest when peNDF 1 . 18  content was 26.5%, in which the papilla length of the dorsal sac in rumen was the highest. Chao1 and ACE indexes were similar among the treatments, while Shannon and Simpson indexes of the peNDF 1 . 18  = 28.1% group were the highest ( p  &amp;lt; 0.05). As the level of dietary peNDF 1 . 18  decreased, the dominant phylum transitioned from Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. The top three dominant genera of rumen bacteria were  Prevotella 1 ,  Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group , and  Christensenellaceae R-7 group . They all showed a quadratic correlation with dietary peNDF 1 . 18  level ( p  &amp;lt; 0.05). The relative abundance of  Ruminococcaceae UCG-011  was positively correlated, while that of  Prevotella 1  was negatively correlated, with amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism ( p  &amp;lt; 0.01). In conclusion, dietary peNDF level influenced goat growth performance, rumen development, and rumen bacterial community structures, and a peNDF1.18 level between 26.5 and 28.1% was considered optimal for goat diet.

Changes in Rumen Bacterial Community Induced by the Dietary Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber Levels in Goat Diets