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The plant pathogenic fungus  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  can survive on a wide range of hosts and cause significant losses on crop yields. FKH, a forkhead box (FOX)-containing protein, functions to regulate transcription and signal transduction. As a transcription factor (TF) with multiple biological functions in eukaryotic organisms, little research has been done on the role of FKH protein in pathogenic fungi.  Ss Fkh1 encodes a protein which has been predicted to contain FOX domain in  S. sclerotiorum . In this study, the deletion mutant of SsFkh1 resulted in severe defects in hyphal development, virulence, and sclerotia formation. Moreover, knockout of  SsFkh1  lead to gene functional enrichment in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in transcriptome analysis and SsFkh1 was found to be involved in the maintenance of the cell wall integrity (CWI) and the MAPK signaling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that SsFkh1 interacts with SsMkk1. In addition, we explored the conserved MAPK signaling pathway components, including Bck1, Mkk1, Pkc1, and Smk3 in  S. sclerotiorum . Δ Ssmkk1 , Δ Sspkc1 , Δ Ssbck1 , and Δ Sssmk3 knockout mutant strains together with Δ Ssmkk1  com , Δ Sspkc1  com , Δ Ssbck1  com , and Δ Sssmk3  com  complementation mutant strains were obtained. The results indicated that Δ Ssmkk1 , Δ Sspkc1 , Δ Ssbck1 , and Δ Sssmk3  displayed similar phenotypes to Δ Ssfkh1  in sclerotia formation, compound appressorium development, and pathogenicity. Taken together, SsFkh1 may be the downstream substrate of SsMkk1 and involved in sclerotia formation, compound appressorium development, and pathogenicity in  S. sclerotiorum .

frontiers in microbiology

The Coupling Between Cell Wall Integrity Mediated by MAPK Kinases and SsFkh1 Is Involved in Sclerotia Formation and Pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum