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High nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) is important for increasing milk protein production and decreasing the feed nitrogen cost and nitrogen emission to the environment. Currently, there is a limited whole picture of the relationship between ruminal bacteriome and the NUE of dairy cows, even though some information has been revealed about the bacteriome and milk or milk protein production of dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to compare the rumen bacterial community in dairy cows with different nitrogen utilization efficiency under the same diet. The natural abundance of  15 N between the animal proteins and diet (Δ 15 N) was used as a simple, non-invasive, and accurate biomarker for NUE in ruminants to mark the individual variation. Dairy cows with high NUE (HE_HP,  n  = 7), medium NUE (ME_MP,  n  = 7), and low NUE (LE_LP,  n  = 7) were selected from 284 Holstein dairy cows with the same diet. Measurement of the rumen fermentation indices showed that the proportion of propionate was higher in HE_HP cows and ME_MP cows than in LE_LP cows ( P  &amp;lt; 0.05). The diversity of rumen bacterial community was higher in LE_LP cows than in ME_MP cows and HE_HP cows by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis ( P  &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, at the genus level, the relative abundances of  Succinivibrionaceae _UCG_001, uncultured_ Selenomonadaceae , and  Acidaminococcus  were higher in HE_HP cows than in LE_LP cows ( P  &amp;lt; 0.05). Interestingly, we found that these bacteria were positively correlated with milk protein yield and negatively correlated with Δ 15 N ( P  &amp;lt; 0.05). However,  Clostridia _UCG_014,  Saccharofermentans ,  Bacilli _RF39, and  Desulfovibrio  were lower in HE_HP cows and ME_MP cows than in LE_LP cows ( P  &amp;lt; 0.05), which were negatively correlated with milk protein yield and positively correlated with Δ 15 N ( P  &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the study showed that the diversity and relative abundances of rumen bacteria differed among different NUE cows, indicating that rumen bacteriome contributes to nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows.

Contribution of Ruminal Bacteriome to the Individual Variation of Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Dairy Cows