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Due to the lack of research on the characteristics of different clusters of  Enterobacter cloacae  complex (ECC), this study aimed to characterize and explore the differences among species of the ECC. An analysis based on  hsp60  showed that  Enterobacter hormaechei  was predominant in ECC. Interestingly, the antibiotic resistance rates of clusters were different, among which  E. hormaechei  subsp.  steigerwaltii  (cluster VIII) and  Enterobacter cloacae  IX (cluster IX) possessed high resistant rates to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, but cluster II ( Enterobacter kobei ) had low resistant rates. Cluster II exhibited a strong biofilm formation ability. Different motility and protease production ability were shown for distinct clusters. A PCR analysis showed that clusters I, III, VI, VIII, and IX carried more virulence genes, while cluster II had fewer. Clusters I, VIII, and IX with high pathogenicity were evaluated using the  Galleria mellonella  infection model. Thus, the characteristics of resistance, biofilm-forming ability, mobility, and virulence differed among the clusters. The strains were divided into 12 subgroups based on  hsp60 . The main clusters of ECC clinical strains were I, II, III, VI, VIII, and IX, among which IX, VIII, and I were predominant with high resistance and pathogenicity, and cluster II ( E. kobei ) was a special taxon with a strong biofilm formation ability under nutrient deficiency, but was associated with low resistance, virulence, and pathogenicity. Hence, clinical classification methods to identify ECC subgroups are an urgent requirement to guide the treatment of clinical infections.

Cluster Differences in Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Formation, Mobility, and Virulence of Clinical Enterobacter cloacae Complex