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Avian coccidiosis is an important intestinal protozoan disease that has caused major economic losses to the poultry industry.  Clostridium butyricum  can not only maintain the stability of the intestinal barrier, but can also improve the production performance of broiler chickens. We studied the effects of feeding  C. butyricum  alone, administration of coccidiosis vaccine alone, and the combined administration of  C. butyricum  and coccidiosis vaccine on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. Meanwhile, intestinal contents of 8- and 15-day-old broilers were collected, and their intestinal microbiome was characterized by high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of 16S rDNA. We analyzed the oocysts per gram values and lesion scores in the  C. butyricum  alone group, in a group challenged with the coccidiosis-causing parasite,  Eimeria , and in groups simultaneously challenged  Eimeria  and pretreated with  C. butyricum , the coccidiosis vaccine, or combined  C. butyricum  and coccidiosis vaccine. Intestinal tissue samples were collected from 32-day-old broilers for microbiome analysis. Our results showed that combination of  C. butyricum  with coccidiosis vaccine significantly improved the performance of broiler chickens and also significantly reduced the oocysts per gram value and intestinal lesions caused by  Eimeria  sp. infection. Furthermore,  C. butyricum  and coccidiosis vaccine administered alone or in combination significantly increased the relative abundance of the immune biomarker genus  Barnesiella . The significant increase in the abundance of the Clostridia_UCG.014,  Eubacterium coprostanoligenes  group and  Bacteroides  was a key factor in controlling  Eimeria  sp. infection.

Single and Combined Effects of Clostridium butyricum and Coccidiosis Vaccine on Growth Performance and the Intestinal Microbiome of Broiler Chickens