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Antimicrobial resistance in  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  is an important global health concern. The genetically related commensal  Neisseria  act as a reservoir of resistance genes, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been shown to play an important role in the genesis of resistance to cephalosporins and macrolides in  N. gonorrhoeae . In this study, we evaluated if there was evidence of HGT in the genes  gyrA/gyrB  and  parC/parE  responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance. Even though the role of  gyrB  and  parE  in quinolone resistance is unclear, the subunits  gyrB  and  parE  were included as zoliflodacin, a promising new drug to treat  N. gonorrhoeae  targets the  gyrB  subunit. We analyzed a collection of 20,047 isolates; 18,800  N. gonorrhoeae , 1,238 commensal  Neisseria  spp., and nine  Neisseria meningitidis . Comparative genomic analyses identified HGT events in genes,  gyrA ,  gyrB ,  parC , and  parE . Recombination events were predicted in  N. gonorrhoeae  and  Neisseria  commensals.  Neisseria lactamica ,  Neisseria macacae , and  Neisseria mucosa  were identified as likely progenitors of the HGT events in  gyrA ,  gyrB , and  parE , respectively.

frontiers in microbiology

Horizontal Gene Transfer of Fluoroquinolone Resistance-Conferring Genes From Commensal Neisseria to Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Global Phylogenetic Analysis of 20,047 Isolates