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Members of the phylum  Acidobacteria  are ubiquitous in various environments. Soil acidobacteria have been reported to present a variety of strategies for their success in terrestrial environments. However, owing to lack of pure culture, information on animal-associated acidobacteria are limited, except for those obtained from 16S rRNA genes. To date, only two acidobacteria have been isolated from animals, namely strain M133 T  obtained from coral  Porites lutea  and  Acanthopleuribacter pedis  KCTC 12899 T  isolated from chiton. Genomics and physiological characteristics of strain M133 T  and  A. pedis  KCTC 12899 T  were compared with 19 other isolates (one strain from each genus) in the phylum  Acidobacteria . The results revealed that strain M133 T  represents a new species in a new genus in the family  Acanthopleuribacteraceae . To date, these two  Acanthopleuribacteraceae  isolates have the largest genomes (10.85–11.79 Mb) in the phylum  Acidobacteria . Horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication influenced the structure and plasticity of these large genomes. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction and abundant secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (including eicosapentaenoic acid  de novo  biosynthesis) are two distinct features of the  Acanthopleuribacteraceae  bacteria in the phylum  Acidobacteria . The absence of glycoside hydrolases involved in plant polysaccharide degradation and presence of animal disease-related peptidases indicate that these bacteria have evolved to adapt to the animal hosts. In addition to low- and high-affinity respiratory oxygen reductases, enzymes for nitrate to nitrogen, and sulfhydrogenase were also detected in strain M133 T , suggesting the capacity and flexibility to grow in aerobic and anaerobic environments. This study highlighted the differences in genome structure, carbohydrate and protein utilization, respiration, and secondary metabolism between animal-associated acidobacteria and other acidobacteria, especially the soil acidobacteria, displaying flexibility and versatility of the animal-associated acidobacteria in environmental adaption.

frontiers in microbiology

Comparative Genomics Reveal the Animal-Associated Features of the Acanthopleuribacteraceae Bacteria, and Description of Sulfidibacter corallicola gen. nov., sp., nov.