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Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by “ Candidatus  liberibacter asiaticus” ( Ca Las), is one of the most devastating diseases in citrus but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we reported the role of the  Ca LasSDE115 (CLIBASIA_05115) effector, encoded by  Ca Las, during pathogen-host interactions. Bioinformatics analyses showed that  Ca LasSDE115 was 100% conserved in all reported  Ca Las strains but had sequence differences compared with orthologs from other “ Candidatus  liberibacter.” Prediction of protein structures suggested that the crystal structure of  Ca LasSDE115 was very close to that of the invasion-related protein B (IalB), a virulence factor from  Bartonella henselae . Alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) assay in  E. coli  further confirmed that  Ca LasSDE115 was a Sec-dependent secretory protein while subcellular localization analyses in tobacco showed that the mature protein of SDE115 (mSDE115), without its putative Sec-dependent signal peptide, was distributed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Expression levels of  CaLasSDE115  in  Ca Las-infected Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) were much higher (∼45-fold) than those in  Ca Las-infected Wanjincheng oranges, with the expression in symptomatic leaves being significantly higher than that in asymptomatic ones. Additionally, the overexpression of  mSDE115  favored  Ca Las proliferation during the early stages (2 months) of infection while promoting the development of symptoms. Hormone content and gene expression analysis of transgenic plants also suggested that overexpressing  mSDE115  modulated the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response. Overall, our data indicated that  Ca LasSDE115 effector contributed to the early colonization of citrus by the pathogen and worsened the occurrence of Huanglongbing symptoms, thereby providing a theoretical basis for further exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of Huanglongbing disease in citrus.

Overexpression of a “Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus” Effector Gene CaLasSDE115 Contributes to Early Colonization in Citrus sinensis