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The genus  Platycerus  (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) is a small stag beetle group, which is adapted to cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in East Asia. Ten  Platycerus  species in Japan form a monophyletic clade endemic to Japan and inhabit species-specific climatic zones. They are reported to have co-evolutionary associations with their yeast symbionts of the genus  Sheffersomyces  based on host cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and yeast intergenic spacer (IGS) phylogenies. Here we examined the heat tolerances of the yeast colonies isolated from the mycangia of 37 females belonging ten Japanese  Platycerus  species. The upper limits of growth and survival temperatures of each colony were decided by cultivating it at ten temperature levels between 17.5 and 40°C. Although both temperatures varied during 25.0–31.25°C, the maximum survival temperatures (MSTs) were a little higher than the maximum growth temperatures (MGTs) in 16 colonies. Pearson’s correlations between these temperatures and environmental factors (elevation and 19 bioclimatic variables from Worldclim database) of host beetle collection sites were calculated. These temperatures were significantly correlated with elevation negatively, the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5) positively, and some precipitative variables, especially in the warm season (Bio12, 13, 16, 18) negatively. Sympatric  Platycerus kawadai  and  Platycerus albisomni  share the same lineage of yeast symbionts that exhibit the same heat tolerance, but the elevational lower range limit of  P. kawadai  is higher than that of  P. albisomni . Based on the field survey in their sympatric site, the maximum temperature of host wood of  P. kawadai  larvae is higher about 2–3°C than that of  P. albisomni  larvae in the summer, which may restrict the elevational range of  P. kawadai  to higher area. In conclusion, it is suggested that the heat tolerance of yeast symbionts restricts the habitat range of their host  Platycerus  species or/and that the environmental condition that host  Platycerus  species prefers affect the heat tolerance of its yeast symbionts.

Diverse Heat Tolerance of the Yeast Symbionts of Platycerus Stag Beetles in Japan