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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary astaxanthin (Ast) from  Phaffia rhodozyma  on growth performance, survival, carotenoid content, the activity of antioxidant and immune-related enzymes, intestinal microbiota comparison, and disease resistance against  Vibrio parahaemolyticus  in  Penaeus monodon . Juveniles (average weight 3.15 ± 0.12 g) were fed with six experimental diets supplemented with 0 (Control), 20.5, 41, 61.5, 82, and 102.5 mg/kg of Ast (defined as diet A–D) in triplicate for 56 days. The results indicated that shrimp fed with Ast supplementation significantly ( p  < 0.05) improved growth performance compared with the control. Furthermore, significantly ( p  < 0.05) increased survival and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) demonstrated the beneficial effects of dietary Ast on enhancing nutrient utilization and ultimately improving the growth and survival of shrimp. Furthermore, shrimp fed with Ast including diet developed a deeper red color than the control, consistent with the significantly ( p  < 0.05) increased Ast deposition in the shrimp shell. Hemolymph-immunological parameters [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP)] and hepatopancreatic antioxidant status [total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] were significantly ( p  < 0.05) affected by dietary Ast supplementation. Dietary increasing Ast levels significantly ( p  < 0.05) increased shrimp resistance performance to  V. parahaemolyticus  according to the LT 50  results in the current study, which may be caused by increased total carotenoid contents in shrimp tissues from all the Ast-supplemented treatments. Conversely, intestinal microbiota biodiversity and richness were not affected by dietary Ast. The best performances of growth, antioxidant status, immunological response, and carotenoid deposition were observed in diets E and F among all the Ast-supplemented treatments. Overall, all the data suggested that dietary  P. rhodozyma  Ast played a critical role in improving growth performance, achieving the desired coloration, increasing carotenoid content, and keeping better health status of shrimp. Based on these positive performances,  P. rhodozyma  Ast could gain the trust of the consumers as a natural source and provide a potential alternative for synthetic Ast using in the  Penaeus monodon  culture industry.

frontiers in microbiology

Effects of Dietary Phaffia rhodozyma Astaxanthin on Growth Performance, Carotenoid Analysis, Biochemical and Immune-Physiological Parameters, Intestinal Microbiota, and Disease Resistance in Penaeus monodon