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There are numerous bacteria reside within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Among the intestinal bacteria,  Akkermansia ,  Bacteroides ,  Bifidobacterium , and  Ruminococcus  closely interact with the intestinal mucus layer and are, therefore, known as mucosal bacteria. Mucosal bacteria use host or dietary glycans for colonization  via  adhesion, allowing access to the carbon source that the host’s nutrients provide. Cell wall or membrane proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular vesicles facilitate these mucosal bacteria-host interactions. Recent studies revealed that the physiological properties of  Bacteroides  and  Bifidobacterium  significantly change in the presence of co-existing symbiotic bacteria or markedly differ with the spatial distribution in the mucosal niche. These recently discovered strategic colonization processes are important for understanding the survival of bacteria in the gut. In this review, first, we introduce the experimental models used to study host-bacteria interactions, and then, we highlight the latest discoveries on the colonization properties of mucosal bacteria, focusing on the roles of the cell surface architecture regarding  Bacteroides  and  Bifidobacterium .

Roles of the Cell Surface Architecture of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium in the Gut Colonization